Variações e diferenciais da mortalidade por doença cardiovascular no Brasil e em seus estados, em 1990 e 2015: estimativas do Estudo Carga Global de Doença / Variations and particularities in cardiovascular disease mortality in Brazil and Brazilian states in 1990 and 2015: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as variações e os diferenciais da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) no Brasil e em seus estados, em 1990 e 2015. Métodos: Foram utilizados os dados de mortalidade compilados pelo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015, obtidos da base de dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde. Foram realizadas a correção do sub-registro de óbitos e a reclassificação dos códigos garbage por meio de algoritmos específicos. As causas cardiovasculares foram subdivididas em 10 causas específicas. As taxas de mortalidade - dos anos 1990 e 2015 - foram padronizadas pela idade, de acordo com o sexo e o estado brasileiro. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade por DCV padronizada por idade caiu de 429,5 (1990) para 256,0 (2015) a cada 100 mil habitantes (40,4%). A redução proporcional foi semelhante em ambos os sexos, mas as taxas em homens são substancialmente mais altas do que nas mulheres. A redução da taxa padronizada por idade foi mais acentuada para a doença cardíaca reumática (44,5%), cardiopatia isquêmica (43,9%) e doença cerebrovascular (46,0%). A queda na mortalidade diferiu marcadamente entre os estados, sendo mais acentuada nos estados das regiões Sudeste e Sul do país e no Distrito Federal, e atenuada nos estados do Norte e Nordeste. Conclusão: A mortalidade por DCV padronizada por idade reduziu no Brasil nas últimas décadas, porém de forma heterogênea entre os estados e para diferentes causas específicas. Considerando a magnitude da carga de doença e o envelhecimento da população brasileira, as políticas de enfrentamento das DCV devem ser priorizadas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze variations and particularities in mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Brazil and in Brazilian states, in 1990 and 2015. Methods: We used data compiled from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015, obtained from the database of the Mortality Information System (SIM) of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Correction of the sub-registry of deaths and reclassification of the garbage codes were performed using specific algorithms. The cardiovascular causes were subdivided into 10 specific causes. Age-standardized CVD mortality rates - in 1990 and 2015 - were analyzed according to sex and Brazilian state. Results: Age-standardized CVD mortality rate decreased from 429.5 (1990) to 256.0 (2015) per 100,000 inhabitants (40.4%). The proportional decrease was similar in both sexes, but death rates in males were substantially higher. The reduction of age-standardized mortality rate was more significant for rheumatic heart disease (44.5%), ischemic cardiopathy (43.9%), and cerebrovascular disease (46.0%). The decline in mortality was markedly different across states, being more pronounced in those of the southeastern and southern regions and the Federal District, and more modest in most states in the north and northeast regions. Conclusion: Age-standardized CVD mortality has declined in Brazil in recent decades, but in a heterogeneous way across states and for different specific causes. Considering the burden magnitude and the Brazilian population aging, policies to prevent and manage CVD should continue to be prioritized.

Adverse effects during the oral glucose tolerance test in post-bariatric surgery patients

ABSTRACT Objective The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used in the screening of gestational diabetes, in diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in conjunction with fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The aim of this study was to examine the incidence and risk factors of adverse effects of OGTT in patients who underwent bariatric surgery, in addition to proposing standardization for ordering the OGTT in these patients. Subjects and methods This study assessed the incidence of adverse effects in 128 post-bariatric surgery patients who underwent the OGTT. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis were performed, the dependent variables were defined as the presence of signs (tremor, profuse sweating, tachycardia), symptoms (nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, weakness), and hypoglycemia (blood glucose ≤ 50 mg/dL). Results One hundred and seventeen participants (91.4%) were female; 38 (29.7%) participants were pregnant. High incidence (64.8%) of adverse effects was observed: nausea (38.4%), dizziness (30.5%), weakness (25.8%), diarrhea (23.4%), hypoglycemia (14.8%), tachycardia (14.1%), tremor (13.3%), profuse sweating (12.5%) and one case of severe hypoglycemia (24 mg/dL). The presence of signs was associated with hypoglycemia (OR = 8.1, CI 95% 2.6-25.1). The arterial hypertension persisted as a risk factor for the incidence of signs (OR = 3.6, CI 95% 1.2-11.3). Fasting glucose below 75 mg/dL increased the risk of hypoglycemia during the test (OR = 9.5, CI 95% 2.6-35.1). Conclusion In this study, high incidence of adverse effects during the OGTT was observed in post-bariatric surgery patients. If these results are confirmed by further studies, the indication and regulation of the OGTT procedure must be reviewed for these patients.

Incidence and main causes of severe maternal morbidity in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil: a longitudinal study / Incidência e principais causas de morbidade materna grave em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil: estudo longitudinal

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of severe maternal morbidity has been used in monitoring of maternal health. The objective of this study was to estimate its incidence and main causes in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective longitudinal study, carried out in two public high-risk maternity hospitals and two public intensive care units (ICUs) for referral of obstetric cases from the municipality. METHODS: Between March 1, 2009, and February 28, 2010, all cases of severe maternal morbidity according to the Mantel and Waterstone criteria were identified. The sociodemographic and healthcare characteristics of the extremely severe cases were compared with the less severe cases, using the Fisher, Χ2, Student t and Mann-Whitney tests, with a significance level of < 0.05. RESULTS: 127 cases of severe maternal morbidity were identified among 8,493 deliveries, i.e. an incidence of 15.0/1000 deliveries. Out of 122 cases interviewed, 121 cases were within the Waterstone criteria and 29 were within the Mantel criteria, corresponding to incidences of 14.1/1000 and 3.4/1000 deliveries, respectively. These rates were lower than those described in the literature, possibly due to case loss. The main causes were hypertension during pregnancy, which was more frequent in less severe cases (P = 0.001) and obstetric hemorrhage, which was more common among extremely severe cases (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Direct obstetric disorders were the main causes of severe maternal morbidity in São Luís, Maranhão. Investigation and monitoring of severe morbidity may contribute towards improving obstetric care in the municipality.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A avaliação da morbidade materna grave tem sido utilizada na vigilância à saúde materna. O objetivo deste estudo é estimar esta incidência e as suas principais causas em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo longitudinal prospectivo, desenvolvido nas duas maternidades públicas de alto risco e nas duas unidades de terapia intensivas (UTIs) públicas de referência para casos obstétricos do município. MÉTODOS: Entre 1º de março de 2009 e 28 de fevereiro de 2010, foram identificados todos os casos de morbidade materna grave segundo os critérios de Mantel e Waterstone. As variáveis sociodemográficas e de atenção à saúde dos casos de extrema gravidade foram comparados aos casos de menor gravidade utilizando os testes de Fisher, Χ², t Student e Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 127 casos de morbidade materna grave em 8.493 partos, gerando uma incidência de 15,0/1000 partos. Dos 122 casos entrevistados, 121 se incluíam nos critérios de Waterstone e 29 se incluíam nos critérios de Mantel, correspondendo a incidências de 14,1/1000 e 3,4/1000 partos, respectivamente. Estas taxas estão abaixo da descrita na literatura possivelmente por perda de casos. As principais causas foram a hipertensão na gravidez, mais presente nos casos de menor gravidade (P = 0,001) e a hemorragia obstétrica, mais comum nos casos de extrema gravidade (P = 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: As desordens obstétricas diretas são as principais causas da morbidade materna grave em São Luís, Maranhão. Investigar e monitorar a morbidade grave pode contribuir para a melhoria da assistência obstétrica no município.

Comportamento saudável entre adultos jovens no Brasil / Comportamiento saludable entre adultos jóvenes en Brasil, 2006 / Healthy behavior among Brazilian young adults

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de características associadas a comportamentos saudáveis em jovens. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados de 14.193 indivíduos com idades entre 18 e 29 anos, referentes ao sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL), realizado nas 27 capitais brasileiras em 2006. Foi considerado saudável quem não fuma, pratica atividade física regular e consome frutas/hortaliças cinco ou mais dias na semana. Foi analisada associação entre comportamento saudável com variáveis sociodemográficas e indicadores de saúde. A análise dos dados baseou-se na razão de prevalência obtida por regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de jovens saudáveis foi de 8,0 por cento; 39,6 por cento relataram dois comportamentos saudáveis, 45,3 por cento relataram um, e 7,0 por cento nenhum. Na análise multivariada, o comportamento saudável foi mais freqüente entre participantes com 25-29 anos, escolaridade maior que nove anos de estudo e que relataram haver local para praticar esportes próximo à residência. A freqüência de comportamento saudável foi significativamente menor entre participantes que relataram cor de pele parda ou preta, consumo de leite integral e de carne vermelha ou frango com gordura, estar em dieta e autopercepção da saúde como ruim. ...

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated to healthy behavior among young adults. METHODS: A total of 14,193 respondents aged 18-29 years who participated in the system Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL - Telephone-Based Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases) carried out in 27 Brazilian capitals in 2006 were studied. Healthy behavior was defined as non-smoking, reported regular physical activity and intake of fruits and vegetables five days or more a week. Data analysis was based on prevalence ratios estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of healthy young adults was 8.0 percent; 39.6 percent reported two healthy behaviors, 45.3 percent one; and 7.0 percent none. In the multivariate analysis, healthy behavior was more commonly seen among those aged 25-29 years with 9 or more years of schooling and who reported engaging in physical activities near home. Inverse associations were found with non-white skin color, consumption of whole milk and fatty meat or poultry, being on a diet, and poor self-perception of health status...

The increase of diabetes mortality burden among Brazilian adults

OBJECTIVE: To estimate diabetes-related deaths among Brazilian adults between 1999 and 2003 and to investigate demographic factors associated with reporting diabetes as an associated cause of death. METHODS: All deaths with diabetes as the underlying or associated cause were identified using the Brazilian Mortality Data System. Analysis was performed by sex, age, year, state of residence, and place of death. Mortality rates were age standardized by the 2000 Brazilian population. FINDINGS: A total of 237 946 deaths (8.8 percent) were related to diabetes; in 4.2 percent of deaths it was the underlying cause and in 4.6 percent it was an associated cause. Between 1999 and 2003, age-standardized mortality rates for diabetes as the underlying cause increased 14 percent among males and 9 percent among females, while mortality with diabetes as an associated cause increased 22 percent and 28 percent, respectively. Diabetes appeared more often as an associated cause in death certificates among older individuals and in those residing in São Paulo State; it appeared less often as an associated cause among women, brown- and black-skinned populations, and in deaths occurring outside hospitals. Cardiovascular diseases accounted for 54.5 percent of the underlying causes of death when diabetes was an associated cause. CONCLUSION: Diabetes was related to almost 9 percent of the deaths in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Mortality from diabetes is increasing, especially deaths with diabetes as an associated cause. The probability of having diabetes as the underlying cause of death is greater among women and nonwhite individuals. Our results reinforce the importance of using multiple causes of death to monitor diabetes, because half the individuals with the disease will die of another cause, especially cardiovascular diseases.

OBJETIVOS: Estimar las muertes relacionadas con la diabetes en adultos brasileños entre 1999 y 2003 y analizar los factores demográficos asociados con el informe de la diabetes como causa asociada de muerte. MÉTODOS: Se identificaron todas las muertes en que la diabetes fue la causa principal o asociada, a partir del Sistema Brasileño de Datos de Mortalidad. El análisis se realizó según el sexo, la edad, el año, el estado de residencia y el lugar de muerte. Las tasas de mortalidad se estandarizaron por la edad según la población brasileña en 2000. RESULTADOS: En total, 237 946 muertes (8,8 por ciento) estuvieron relacionadas con la diabetes; en 4,2 por ciento de las muertes, la diabetes fue la causa principal y en 4,6 por ciento fue una causa asociada. Entre 1999 y 2003, las tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas según la edad para las muertes en que la diabetes fue la causa principal aumentaron 14 por ciento en hombres y 9 por ciento en mujeres, mientras que la mortalidad con la diabetes como causa asociada aumentó a 22 por ciento y 28 por ciento, respectivamente. La diabetes apareció más frecuentemente como causa asociada en los certificados de defunción de la personas de mayor edad y en los que residían en el Estado de São Paulo, mientras que fue menos frecuente en mujeres, negros y mestizos y cuando la muerte ocurrió fuera de los hospitales. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares fueron la causa principal de 54,5 por ciento de las muertes en las que la diabetes se consideró como causa asociada. CONCLUSIONES: La diabetes estuvo relacionada con casi 9 por ciento de las muertes ocurridas en las regiones sur y suroriental de Brasil. La mortalidad por diabetes está en aumento, especialmente cuando la diabetes figura como causa asociada de muerte. La probabilidad de tener diabetes como causa principal de muerte es mayor en mujeres y en personas que no son blancas. Estos resultados confirman la importancia de utilizar la información de las múltiples...

Quantificando o risco de doença coronariana na comunidade: Projeto Bambuí / Quantifying the risk of coronary artery disease in a community: the Bambuí project

OBJECTIVE: To determine the coronary risk profile in adults and elderly in a community. METHODS: The study comprised a sample of adults (30-59 years, n=547) and the entire elderly population (60-74 years, n=1165) residing in Bambuí town, Brazil. The Framingham score based on sex, age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and HDL-C was used. The score based on age and sex was defined as "expected" and compared with the mean score obtained by the sum of all risk factors in each age group and sex (score "observed"). RESULTS: The difference between the scores "observed" and "expected" increased with aging in both sexes. Smoking increased the difference from 30 years of age onwards, in both sexes, and hypertension was important in men above the age of 30 years and in women above the age of 50 years. Diabetes and elevated total cholesterol increased the risk of the disease above the age of 50 years in both sexes. A higher level of HDL-C reduced the risk among men above the age of 30 years, with no significant difference among women. Less schooling (< 4 years versus 4 years) was associated with a higher score in adults of both sexes, but not among the elderly. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, in the community studied, the risk of coronary artery disease may be reduced up to 44 percent in men and 38 percent in women

Hypertension and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in a community in Southeast Brazil - The Bambuí Health and Ageing Study

OBJECTIVE - A population-based prospective study was analysed to: a) determine the prevalence of hypertension; b) investigate the clustering of other cardiovascular risk factors and c) verify whether older differed from younger adults in the pattern of clustering. METHODS - The data comprised a representative sample of the population of Bambuí, Brazil. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the independent association between hypertension and selected factors. RESULTS - A total of 820 younger adults (82.5 percent) and 1494 older adults (85.9 percent) participated in this study. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 24.8 percent (SE=1.4 percent), being higher in women (26.9+/-1.5 percent) than in men (22.0+/- 1.7 percent) (p=0.033). Hypertension was positively and significantly associated with physical inactivity, overweight, hypercholesterolemia hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The coexistence of hypertension with 4 or more of these risk factors occurred 6 times more than expected by chance, after adjusting for age and sex (OR=6.3; 95 percentCI: 3.4-11.9). The pattern of risk factor clustering in hypertensive individuals differed with age. CONCLUSION - Our results reinforce the need to increase detection and treatment of hypertension and to approach patients' global risk profiles

Inquérito canino em foco recente de leishmaniose tegumentar no Município de Sabará, regiäo metropolitana de Belo Horizonte / Canine survey on a recent focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the periurban area of Sabara in Minas Gerais

In 1992, a dog naturally infected with Leishmania was found in a periurban area of Sabará, state of Minas Gerais, where human cutaneous leishmaniasis had been previously described. The parasite was classified as Leishmania, subgenus Viannia, which L. braziliensis, the main species of parasite present in the southeast Brazil, also belongs. In order to assess the importance of the dog in the transmission cycle of the disease, a canine survey was undertaken. Six hundred thirty-one dogs were examined and the prevalence of seropositive dogs for crude Leishmania amazonensis antigen was 3.2 per cent. The presence of infected people and seropositive dogs either near or in the same house was observed. This fact suggests some transmission in the domiciliary environment, with the dogs being a risk factor for human infection in that periurban area. In the other hand, the low percentage of seropositive dogs points towards a secondary importance of these animals in the transmission of Leishmaniasis in that recent focus of the disease.

HTLV-I/HTLV-II / HTLV-I/HTLV-II

O presente volume é uma atualizaçäo sobre os vírus linfotrópicos humanos I e II (HTLV-I/II) e aborda aspectos da biologia, epidemiologia, diagnóstico e aconselhamento de doadores positivos.